Glaucoma e óleo de silicone / Glaucoma and silicone oils

RESUMO O óleo de silicone é um importante tampão utilizado na retinopexia cirúrgica de casos graves de descolamento de retina. O aumento da pressão intraocular e o desenvolvimento de glaucoma secundário são frequentes complicações da sua utilização. A depender do período de aparecimento, diversos mecanismos justificam a ocorrência de tais complicações. Compreender os fatores de riscos e a patogênese do aumento da pressão intraocular associada a aplicação de óleo de silicone em cirurgia retiniana ajuda a orientar o tratamento adequado para cada paciente. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a literatura sobre a patogenia, a incidência, os fatores de risco e o tratamento desta condição clínica.

ABSTRACT Silicone oil has been an important intraocular tamponade in retinopexy in cases of complicated retinal detachment surgery. The increase of intraocular pressure and development of secondary glaucoma are a known complication of its use. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis, depending on the onset. This article aims to review the literature about pathogenesis, the incidence and risk factors, as well as the treatment of this pathology.

Paravalvular Regurgitation: Clinical Outcomes in Surgical and Percutaneous Treatments / Regurgitação Paravalvar: Análise de Desfechos Clínicos no Tratamento Cirúrgico e Percutâneo

Abstract Background: Paravalvular regurgitation (paravalvular leak) is a serious and rare complication associated with valve replacement surgery. Studies have shown a 3% to 6% incidence of paravalvular regurgitation with hemodynamic repercussion. Few studies have compared surgical and percutaneous approaches for repair. Objectives: To compare the surgical and percutaneous approaches for paravalvular regurgitation repair regarding clinical outcomes during hospitalization and one year after the procedure. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive and observational study that included 35 patients with paravalvular leak, requiring repair, and followed up at the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology between January 2011 and December 2013. Patients were divided into groups according to the established treatment and followed up for 1 year after the procedure. Results: The group submitted to percutaneous treatment was considered to be at higher risk for complications because of the older age of patients, higher prevalence of diabetes, greater number of previous valve surgeries and lower mean creatinine clearance value. During hospitalization, both groups had a large number of complications (74.3% of cases), with no statistical difference in the analyzed outcomes. After 1 year, the percutaneous group had a greater number of re-interventions (8.7% vs 20%, p = 0.57) and a higher mortality rate (0% vs. 20%, p = 0.08). A high incidence of residual mitral leak was observed after the percutaneous procedure (8.7% vs. 50%, p = 0.08). Conclusion: Surgery is the treatment of choice for paravalvular regurgitation. The percutaneous approach can be an alternative for patients at high surgical risk.

Resumo Fundamento: Regurgitação ou escape paravalvar é uma complicação grave e incomum associada ao implante de prótese valvar. Estudos mostram incidência de 3% a 6% com repercussão hemodinâmica. Existem poucos estudos na literatura que comparam as abordagens cirúrgica e percutânea para sua correção. Objetivos: Comparar as abordagens cirúrgica e percutânea de correção da regurgitação paravalvar quanto a desfechos clínicos durante a internação e após 1 ano do procedimento. Métodos: Este é um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional, que incluiu 35 pacientes com escape paravalvar acompanhados no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2013 e que necessitaram de correção. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento estabelecido e acompanhados por um período 1 ano após o procedimento. Resultados: O grupo submetido ao tratamento percutâneo foi considerado como de maior risco para complicações por apresentar pacientes mais idosos, com maior prevalência de diabetes, maior quantidade de cirurgias valvares prévias e menor valor médio de clearance de creatinina. Durante a evolução intra-hospitalar, observou-se grande número de complicações nos dois grupos (74,3% dos casos), sem diferença estatística nos desfechos analisados. Após 1 ano, o grupo percutâneo teve maior número de reintervenções (8,7% vs. 20%, p = 0,57) e mortalidade maior (0% vs. 20%, p = 0,08). Uma alta incidência de escape residual mitral foi verificada após procedimento percutâneo (8,7% vs. 50%, p = 0,08). Conclusão: A cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha da regurgitação paravalvar. A abordagem percutânea pode ser uma alternativa para os pacientes com risco cirúrgico elevado.

Adjustable inspiratory occlusion valve in experimental bronchopleural fistula. A new therapeutic perspective

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of an adjustable inspiratory occlusion valve in experimental bronchopleural fistula during mechanical ventilation.METHODS:We studied six mechanically ventilated pigs in a surgically created, reproducible model of bronchopleural fistula managed with mechanical ventilation and water-sealed thoracic drainage. An adjustable inspiratory occlusion valve was placed between the thoracic drain and the endotracheal tube. Hemodynamic data, capnography and blood gases were recorded before and after the creation of the bronchopleural fistula as well as after every adjustment of the inspiratory occlusion valve.RESULTS:When compared with the standard water-sealed drainage treatment, the use of an adjustable inspiratory occlusion valve improved the alveolar tidal volume and reduced bronchopleural air leak (p<0.001), without hemodynamic compromise when compared with conventional water sealed drainage.CONCLUSION: The use of an adjustable inspiratory occlusion valve improved the alveolar tidal volume, reduced alveolar leak, in an experimental reproducible model of bronchopleural fistula, without causing any hemodynamic derangements when compared with conventional water sealed drainage.

Análisis colorimétrico computarizado del color de la piel palpebral: un potencial método No Invasivo para monitorizar el cumplimiento de la terapia con parche en ambliopía / Computerized colorimetric analysis of skin palpebral color. A potential non invasive method for monitoring patch Compliance in the Treatment of amblyopia

Objetivo: evaluar el análisis colorimétrico computarizado del color de la piel del párpado antes y después de realizar oclusión, con el fin de determinar qué cambios en el color de la piel permiten conocer el cumplimiento de la terapia oclusiva en el tratamiento de la ambliopía. Métodos: se analizó el cambio de coloración de la piel tomando fotografías estandarizadas, antes y después de 48 horas de aplicación del parche. Los análisis se hicieron con el programa PS CS2 de Adobe Systems que proporciona discriminación de los colores primarios en una imagen determinada y permite analizar y comparar numéricamente las intensidades. Resultados: el promedio basal de intensidades fue de 52.50 con un rango entre 42.11 y 72.87. La desviación estándar fue de 37.34. El promedio después de 48 horas oclusión fue de 102.33 con un rango de entre 96.32 y 109.28 y una desviación estándar de 62.49. (P≤0.05). Al comparar el cambio de la piel ocluida en los párpados con la piel de la mejilla, expuesta a la luz pero no ocluida, se demostraron cambios igualmente significativos. Conclusiones: el análisis colorimétrico computarizado no invasivo de los cambios en la coloración de la piel de los pacientes en tratamiento con ambliopía puede convertirse en un método estándar para monitorizar el cumplimiento de la terapia con oclusión. Los resultados del presente trabajo son claros en evidenciar que tan rápidamente se inducen cambios colorimétricos en la piel, incluso antes de que éstos sean detectables a simple vista. Saber qué tan disciplinado ha sido el tratamiento da la posibilidad de conocer exactamente en qué situación está el paciente y estimulará a padres y pacientes para cumplir la terapia.

Objective: to evaluate the colorimetric computerized analysis of palpebral skin color before and after occluding the eye, in order to determine what changes in skin color allow to understand the compliance with patching treatment while treating amblyopia. Methods: skin color change was analyzed taking standardized pictures before and after 48 hours occlusion. Analysis was done with the program PS CS2 from Adobe Systems that gives color discrimination from an image and allows numerical comparison between intensities. Results: palpebral skin mean basal intensity was 52.50 (between 42-11 and 72-87). SD was 37.34. Average after 48 hours occlusion was 102.33 (96.32 to 109.28) and SD of 62.49 (P≤0.05). When comparing occluded skin color with cheek color, exposed to light but not occluded, there were also significant changes. Conclusions: Noninvasive colorimetric computerized analysis from changes in skin color in amblyopic patients treated with patching, could become a standard method for monitoring compliance with occlusion therapy. Results of this experiment are clear and evidence that changes in skin color occur quickly after starting the patch, even before they are visible to the bare eye. Knowing how disciplined has been the patient with his treatment gives the opportunity of knowing the exact situation of the patient and will stimulate parents and patients to improve patch compliance.

Oclusión terapéutica: desde las escuelas de oclusión a la odontología basada en evidencia / Therapeutic occlusion: from occlusal schools of thought to evidence-based dentistry

Tanto en la práctica clínica como en la academia, siempre está presente la interrogante de cuál es la mejor posición mandibular para organizar una oclusión terapéutica y satisfacer los requerimientos estéticos y funcionales de los pacientes. Esta pregunta se podría responder desde la perspectiva de las diferentes escuelas de oclusión, siguiendo sus técnicas y utilizando su aparatología. Sin embargo, debido a que no existe suficiente evidencia científica que sustente la superioridad de una escuela sobre la otra, es preciso hacer una revisión donde se expongan los principios en que se basan las distintas filosofías oclusales, los autores que les dieron origen, la época en que surgieron y la terminología que usaron -desde el siglo pasado hasta nuestros días-, contrastándolas con la literatura científica actual. Esta no es una tarea fácil, ya que los estudios disponibles acerca de oclusión presentan gran variabilidad en la definición operacional de los términos, haciendo difícil su comparación. Se sugiere para el futuro buscar una estandarización de las definiciones y técnicas de registro, con el objeto de generar evidencia científica confiable, conducente a la creación de protocolos de recomendación para la toma de decisiones clínicas predecibles desde el punto de vista oclusal.

Both in clinical practice and academia, there is always the question about what is the best mandibular position to organize a therapeutic occlusion that satisfies functional and aesthetic requirements from patients. This question could be answered from the point of view of different occlusion schools of thought, following their techniques and using their apparatuses. However, due to the lack of scientific evidence to support the pre-eminence of a particular school over the rest, it is necessary to go through the princip les that provide the foundations for the different occlusal philosophies: the authors who gave birth to each school of thought, the time in which they were formed and the terminology they used, from the early 20th century to present times and making a comparison with current scientific literature. This is not an easy task, given that available studies about occlusion feature a great variability in the operational definition of terms, making comparison difficult. The article suggests that it would be necessary for the future to look for a standardization of recording definitions and techniques. The aim is to generate reliable scientific evidence for the creation of protocols of recommendation for predictable decision-making from an occlusal point of view.

The influence of type of vascular pedicle occlusion on the viability of skin island flaps: a postoperative quantitative assessment of flap survival in an experimental model in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of pedicle occlusion on the viable area of a skin island flap. METHODS: An epigastric skin island flap was performed in 160 Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: G-1: occlusion of inferior epigastric artery; G-2: inferior epigastric vein; G-3: inferior epigastric vessels (artery/vein). At varying times postoperatively (2,3,4,5th day), animals from each group were randomly selected, and the pedicle was occluded. On the 10th. postop. day, the skin flaps were evaluated by templates to determine the percentage of surviving skin. The computer HP™ 9830A captured the photographs and the mean flap necrosis area was assessed. RESULTS: An increasing area of flap survived with less area of necrosis with increased time of days intervals. In the G-1, the mean area of necrosis observed (two to five days) were 95.2, 60.8, 31 and 3.7 % respectively. In the G-2 were 95.5, 57.6, 19.5 and 5.6 % respectively. In the G-3, a 100, 80, 32.4 and 14.9 % of mean area was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The arterial suppy/venous drainage is important for flap circulation up to five days following pedicle occlusion. After this period, the pedicle can be interrupted once the circulation through the flap margins has already been established.

Evaluation of histological changes after tracheal occlusion at different gestational ages in a fetal rat model

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the histological changes of tracheal cartilage and epithelium caused by tracheal occlusion at different gestational ages in a fetal rat model. METHODS: Rat fetuses were divided into two groups: a) External control, composed of non-operated rats, and b) Interventional group, composed of rats operated upon on gestational day 18.5 (term = 22 days), divided into triads: 1) Tracheal occlusion, 2) Internal control and 3) Sham (manipulated but not operated). Morphological data for body weight, total lung weight and total lung weight/body weight ratio were collected and measured on gestational days 19.5, 20.5 and 21.5. Tracheal samples were histologically processed, and epithelial, chondral and total tracheal thicknesses were measured on each gestational day. RESULTS: The tracheal occlusion group exhibited an increase in total lung weight/body weight ratio (p<0.001). Histologically, this group had a thicker epithelial thickness (p<0.05) and thinner chondral (p<0.05) and total tracheal thicknesses (p<0.001). These differences were more prominent on gestational days 20.5 and 21.5. CONCLUSION: Tracheal occlusion changed tracheal morphology, increased epithelial thickness and considerably decreased total tracheal thickness. These changes in the tracheal wall could explain the development of tracheomegaly, recently reported in some human fetuses subjected to tracheal occlusion.